ENDNOTES

1. US Environmental Protection Agency cited in “Coalition for Healthier Schools: Position Statement 2004,”http://www.healthyschools.org/documents/CHS_2004_Position_Statement.pdf
   
2. Press Release: California Safe Schools & 2nd Largest School District First in Nation to Embrace Precautionary Principle, October 25, 2002
   z http://www.iceh.org/Pages/NationalPPNews.html#LA
   
3. Robina Suwol, Executive Director, California Safe Schools Coalition, Interview with Author, August 17, 2004.
   
4. Jack Doyle, Hold the Applause: A Case Study of Corporate Environmentalism as Practiced at DuPont (Washington DC, Friends of the Earth, 1991). Richard Benedick, Ozone Diplomacy, (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1991).
   
5. Joseph C. Robert, Ethyl: A History of the Corporation and the People Who Made It, (Charlottesville, University Press of Virginia, 1983), pp. 290–310; Kenny Bruno, “Poison Petrol: Leaded Gas Exports to the Third World,”Multinational Monitor¸ Volume 12, Numbers 7 & 8, July/August, 1991.
   
6. Barry Castleman, Asbestos: Medical and Legal Aspects, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall Law and Business, 1990; Stanton A. Glantz, John Slade, Lisa A. Bero, Peter Hanauer, Deborah E. Barnes, The Cigarette Papers, University of California Press, 1996.
   
7. David Lewis, former General Motors speech writer quoted in Keith Bradsher, “New Leaders Hope to Help Motor City Come Clean,”The New York Times, May 19, 1999.
   
8. While many companies have phased out PVC in young children’s toys some companies continue to use it, and the US government has refused to ban it. “Consumer Product Safety
   Commission Allows Toxic Toy Production to Continue”Greenpeace USA Internet Feature, March 5, 2003, http://www.greenpeaceusa.org/features/details?item_id=528975;
   
9. Nancy Myers and Carolyn Raffensperger, eds., Precautionary Tools for Reshaping Environmental Policy. (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, forthcoming), Introduction.
   
10. Statement, “Wingspread Conference on the Precautionary Principle,”January 26, 1998, accessed at: http://www.sehn.org/wing.html
    
11. `Myers and Raffensperger, Precautionary Tools, Chapter 1
    
12. “The Precautionary Principle”SF Environment, http://temp.sfgov.org/sfenvironment/aboutus/innovative/pp/
    
13. `City of San Francisco, Precautionary Principle Ordinance, Section 101, August 2003, http://temp.sfgov.org/sfenvironment/aboutus/innovative/pp/sfpp.htm
14. See Theo Colborn, Dianne Dumanoski, and John Peterson Myers, Our Stolen Future, (New York, Dutton, 1996), pp. 137–141.
    
15. Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, Center for Disease Control (Washington DC, 2003); America’s Children and the Environment: Measures of Contaminants, Body Burdens, and Illnesses, United States Environmental Protection Agency, (Washington DC, 2003)
    
16. Childproofing Our Communities Campaign, Poisoned Schools: Invisible Threats, Visible Actions, Center for Health, Environment and Justice, Falls Church, March 2001, pp. 9–11.
17. Marta Arguello, Plenary Presentation, Bioneers Conference, Marin Center, October 15, 2004.
    
18. “Los Angeles Unified School District Integrated Pest Management Policy,”March 1999, revised May 23, 2002; http://www.laschools.org/efm/mo/ipm/docs/ipmpolicyretype.pdf
    
19. Author’s Interview with Yomi Noibi, Eco–Action, November 29, 2004; Yomi Noibi, “Listen to the Voices of Caution,”Comments Before the Gwinnett County Board of Education, May 8, 2003.
20. Author’s Communication with Tom Lent, Technical Policy Coordinator, Healthy Building Network, November 12, 2004.
    
21. Coalition for Healthier Schools, “Position Statement: 2004.”
    
22. American Lung Association, National Cancer Institute and other sources cited in Poisoned Schools: Invisible Threats, Visible Actions, Center for Health, Environment and Justice, Falls Church, March 2001, pp. 9–13.
    
23. “Facts and Figures: Children, Pesticides, and Schools”Beyond Pesticides, Washington DC, http://www.beyondpesticides.org/schools/ALERTS/SEPA_fact&figures.htm#_edn25
    
24. “Health Effects of 48 Pesticides Commonly Used in Schools,”Beyond Pesticides, Washington DC, http://www.beyondpesticides.org/schools/publications/48%20School%20Pesticides.pdf
    
25. See for instance, Robert Bullard, Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality, 3rd edition (Boulder, Westview Press, February 1, 2000); Luke W. Cole, Sheila R. Foster, From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement (New York, New York University Press, 2000).
    
26. Poisoned Schools, pp. 3, 19–27.
    
27. “Do School Facilities Affect Academic Outcomes?”National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Educational Resources Information Center, US Department of Education, Washington DC 2002.
    
28. America’s Children and the Environment: Measures of Contaminants, Body Burdens, and Illnesses, United States Environmental Protection Agency, (Washington DC, 2003) http://www.epa.gov/envirohealth/children/findings/index.htm
    
29. Author’s communication with Forrest Gee, President of the School Board, Emery Unified School District, November 10, 2004.
    
30. “Creating Healthier School Facilities,”American Public Health Association, January 1, 2000. http://www.apha.org/legislative/policy/policysearch/index.cfm?fuseaction=view&id=215
    
31. See http://www.healthyschools.org, and http://www.childproofing.org/.
    
32. See “Position Statement 2004,”Coalition for Healthier Schools, http://www.healthyschools.org/documents/CHS_2004_Position_Statement.pdf
    
33. Author’s Communication with Claire Barnett, Healthy Schools Network, November 13, 2004.
    
34. Associated Press, January 5, 2005.
    
35. Kagan Owens, Jay Feldman, et. al, Safer Schools: Achieving a Healthy Learning Environment Through Integrated Pest Management, School Pesticide Reform Coalition and Beyond Pesticides, Washington DC, April 2003.
    
36. Many of the following recommendations are drawn from, and many others can be found in: “Coalition for Healthier Schools: Position Statement 2004.”
    
37. Prime Minister’s Speech to the 10th Anniversary of the Prince of Wales’Business and the Environment Programme, Banqueting House, September 14, 2004, available at http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page6333.asp
    
38. In fact, from 1990 when it became clear that climate change would be a significant problem for the world, to 2002, US emissions of carbon dioxide, the main global warming gas increased by nearly 16 percent. “U.S. Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990–2002”in Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2002, US Energy Information Administration, Report #: DOE/EIA–0573(2002) Release date: October 2003, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/carbon.html
    
39. Roughly 40 percent of the energy these schools consume is electricity or 51 billion Kwh of site electricity. “Sum of Major Fuel Consumption by Size and Type of Education Building,”Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/pba99/education/educconstable.html, and “Characteristics by Activity: Education,” http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/pba99/education/education.html . These figures do not include many gymnasiums and libraries on school grounds, which DOE categorizes as “public assembly”buildings. Author’s Communication with Alan Swenson, Energy Information Administration, September 16, 2004.
    
40. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, US Department of Energy, http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/schools/index.html
    
41. “High Performance School Buildings for All Children: A Declaration and Call to Action,”The 21st Century School Fund, Funders’Forum on Environment and Education, 2004, http://www.21csf.org/csf–home/declaration/default.asp
    
42. “School Facilities Fingertip Facts”http://www.cde.ca.gov/ls/fa/sf/facts.asp
    
43. “Resolution on High Performance School Facilities,”Los Angeles Unified School District Board of Education, February 13, 2001.
    
44. “Tools for the Next Generation,”p. 3.
    
45. See for instance: http://www.globallearningnj.org/HPSBNJ/presentation.htm, http://www.energy.state.or.us/school/highperform.htm, http://www.rebuild.org/sectors/SectorPages/OverView_ess.asp?MktID=2, http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/schools/design.html.
    
46. “Tools for the Next Generation,”p. 3.
    
47. “Clearview Elementary School.”Case Study, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, US Department of Energy, August 2002. http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/highperformance/case_studies/overview.cfm?ProjectID=100
    
48. Author’s Communication with Tom Lent, Technical Policy Coordinator, Healthy Building Network, November 12, 2004.
    
49. See, “High Performance Green Buildings Act”S2620, Introduced in the United States Senate, July 8, 2004.
    
50. http://www.governor.ca.gov/state/govsite/gov_htmldisplay.jsp?...S–20–04
    
51. http://www.irecusa.org/schools/whatsnew.html, http://www.solarschools.com/us/
    
52. “University Of California passes clean energy policy,”Environmental News Network, Friday, July 25, 2003, http://www.enn.com/news/2003–07–25/s_6908.asp.
    
53. Figures derived from applying K–12 average electricity consumption of 221,000 kwh found in http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/pba99/education/educconstable.html#Elec, to http://www.usctcgateway.net/tool/
    
54. US Schools use 51 billion kwh of site electricity. http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/pba99/education/educconstable.html#Elec. CO2 emissions figure 32,225,150 metric tons, which is equivalent to 74,942,209 barrels of oil arrived at using http://www.usctcgateway.net/tool/. During 2003, Saudi Arabia exported 1.77 million bbl/d of oil (of which 1.72 million bbl/d was crude) to the United States. Saudi Arabia: Country Analysis Brief, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/saudi.html#oil
    
55. See http://www.apolloalliance.org/strategy_center/ .
    
56. “Biodiesel Offers Fleets a Better Alternative to Petroleum Diesel,”Technical Assistance Fact Sheet, US Department of Energy, May 2001.
    
57. USDA and DOE study cited in “Commonly Asked Questions,” http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/CommonlyAsked.PDF.
    
58. “Biodiesel Offers Fleets…”
    
59. Author’s Communication with Tamar Hurwitz, San Francisco Department of the Environment, October 27, 2004.
    
60. This waste stream includes various types of office and classroom paper, cardboard, magazines, phonebooks and newspapers. See http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/WasteChar/JurisSel.asp
    
61. See http://www.forestethics.org/forests/seus.html
    
62. Calculated from “Web Based Paper Calculator,”Office of the Federal Environmental Executive, http://www.ofee.gov/recycled/calculat.htm
    
63. States with mandatory programs are: Arkansas, Connecticut, Kentucky, New Jersey, Nevada, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island. States with voluntary programs are: California, New Hampshire, Washington and Texas. Cities include such as New York, St. Paul, Seattle and Portland. Marshalle Graham, “California School District Waste Reduction,”http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Schools/WasteReduce/
    
64. http://www.recycleminnesota.org/Buy%20Recycled/
    
65. Author’s Communication with Jim Ford, November 10, 2004.
    
66. “Epson Offering Program to Recycle Ink Cartridges,”Recycling Today eNews, 9/14/2004 .
    
67. See for instance, Pat Costner and Joe Thornton, Playing With Fire: Hazardous Waste Incineration (Washington, DC, Greenpeace USA, 1990).
    
68. Monica Wilson, Global Anti–Incinerator Alliance, Personal Communication with Author, September 2004.
    
69. Many of the recommendations regarding High Performance school buildings are drawn from “High Performance School Buildings for All Children,”The 21st Century School Fund.
    
70. Alice Waters, “A World of Possibilities,”in Margo Crabtree ed. The Edible Schoolyard, (Berkeley, Learning in the Real World, Center for Ecoliteracy, 1999), p. 15.
    
71. Author’s Interview with Rochelle Davis, Illinois Healthy School Campaign, July 9, 2004.
    
72. http://www.rethinkingschoollunch.org/rsl–viewpoints.html
    
73. Elizabeth Becker and Marian Burros, “Eat Your Vegetables? Only at a Few Schools,”The New York Times, January 13, 2003.
    
74. http://www.commercialalert.org/index.php/category_id/2/subcategory_id/36/article_id/124
    
75. Elizabeth Becker and Marian Burros, “Eat Your Vegetables? Only at a Few Schools,”The New York Times, January 13, 2003.
    
76. CDC figures cited in “Childhood Obesity and the Marketing of Junk Food in Schools,”Commercial Alert, Portland, no date. http://www.commercialalert.org/obesity.pdf
    
77. Ibid.
    
78. Elizabeth Becker, “Eat Your Vegetables?,”and Bill Pennington, “Reading, Writing and Corporate Sponsorships,”The New York Times, October 18, 2004.
    
79. Increases were 382 percent for children ages 6–11 and 258 percent for children 12–19. “Childhood Obesity and the Marketing of Junk Food in Schools,”Commercial Alert.
    
80. http://www.commercialalert.org/index.php/category_id/2/subcategory_id/77/article_id/190
    
81. “Prevention of Childhood Obesity Act”(S. 2894), introduced by Senator Edward Kennedy, October 5, 2004.
    
82. The Center for Food and Justice, a division of the Urban and Environmental Policy Institute at Occidental College. http://www.farmtoschool.org/faq.htm; http://www.farmtoschool.org/about.htm
    
83. Author’s Communication with Anupama Joshi, Center for Food and Justice, November 19, 2004.
    
84. “Rethinking School Lunch Guide,”http://www.rethinkingschoollunch.org/rsl–guide.html .
    
85. http://www.ecoschools.com/Edible/Edible_wSidebar.html
    
86. See Margo Crabtree ed., The Edible Schoolyard, 1999. And A Child’s Garden of Standards: Linking School Gardens to California Education Standards, (Sacramento, California Department of Education, 2003). And http://www.oaec.org/OAEC_Services.html#school_garden
    
87. http://www.ecoschools.com/
    
88. “S.F. Green Schoolyard Alliance–Making Major Strides,”http://www.sfbeautiful.org/about/2003greenschoolyardalliance.shtml
    
89. See http://lists.essential.org/pipermail/commercial–alert/2004/000164.html
    
90. See http://www.commercialalert.org/Harkin2558.pdf
    
91. David Sobel, Place–Based Education: Connecting Classrooms & Communities, (Orion Society, Great Barrington, 2004) p. 16.
    
92. Jim Elder, A Field Guide to Environmental Literacy: Making Strategic Investments in Environmental Education, (Rock Spring GA, Environmental Education Coalition 2003) p. 21.
    
93. Jack Chin, “Bay Area Environmental Education: How Do We Know We’re Making a Difference?”Draft Report, Blueprint Research and Design, April 30, 2004.
    
94. Jack Chin, “Bay Area Environmental Edcuation.”Jim Elder, A Field Guide, p. 11, 23–26. Also see, “Environmental Studies in the K–12 Classroom: A Teacher’s View,”North American Association for Environmental Education and the Environmental Literacy Council, December 2000.
    
95. Jim Elder, A Field Guide, pp. 42–49, 93–95.
    
96. Michael Sanera, Jane S. Shaw, Facts, Not Fear: Teaching Children About the Environment, (Regenery Publishing, 1999), and for a critique, Jim Elder, A Field Guide, pp. 27–29.
    
97. See Joshua Karliner, The Corporate Planet: Ecology and Politics in the Age of Globalization, (San Francisco, Sierra Club Books, 1997), pp. 186–188.
    
98. See Jim Elder, A Field Guide, endnote 32, and http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/701.html . At least eight of ELC’s seventeen foundation funders give significant amounts of money to conservative policy initiatives. Jeff Krehely, Meaghan House, Emily Kernan, Axis of Ideology: Conservative Foundations and Public Policy, National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, Washington DC, 2004, pp. 44–45.
    
99. Linda J. Sax, “Research on the Assessment of Civic Engagement”Cooperative Institutional Research Program, UCLA, 2004. http://www.aascu.org/programs/adp/resources/national_mtg0804/sax.ppt
    
100. Jack Chin, “All of a Place: Connecting Schools, Youth and Community,”Funders Forum on Environment and Education, June 2001.
     
101. Jack Chin, “All of a Place,”and David Sobel, “Place–based Education,”and David A. Gruenewald, “The Best of Both Worlds: A Critical Pedagogy of Place,”in Educational Researcher, Vol. 32, No. 4, May 2003, pp. 3–12.
     
102. Cited in Jack Chin, “Environmental Education: Challenges and Opportunities for Grantmaking,”Funders Forum on Environment and Education, July 2001.
     
103. Jim Elder, A Field Guide, p. 44; F–16 figures from http://www.f–16.net/; Iraq figures, “Americans Pay High Cost For War,”National Priorities Project, September 2004, http://www.nationalpriorities.org/issues/military/iraq/highcost/us.pdf
     
104. See http://www.dnr.state.md.us/education/greenschools.html, http://www.oregongreenschools.org/, http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/greenschools/
     
105. http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/greenschools/
     
106. http://www.calisafe.org
     
107. “Prime Minister’s Speech”September 14, 2004, http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page6333.asp
     
108. http://www.farmtoschool.org/faq.htm
     
109. http://www.greenflagschools.org, http://www.oregongreenschools.org/
     
110. http://www.eco–schools.org
     
111. Some of the state and national–level recommendations are drawn from Jim Elder, A Field Guide, which contains further recommendations and much more detail.